In clothing A feature of nearly all human societies is the wearing of clothing or clothes, a category encompassing a wide variety of materials that cover the body. The primary purpose of clothing is functional, as a protection from the elements. Clothes enhance safety during activity by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment. Clothing also and fashion design Fashion design is the applied art dedicated to clothing and lifestyle accessories created within the cultural and social influences of a specific time, a button is a small disc, typically round, object usually attached to an article of clothing A feature of nearly all human societies is the wearing of clothing or clothes, a category encompassing a wide variety of materials that cover the body. The primary purpose of clothing is functional, as a protection from the elements. Clothes enhance safety during activity by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment. Clothing also in order to secure an opening, or for ornamentation Fashion refers to the styles and customs prevalent at a given time. In its most common usage, "fashion" exemplifies the appearances of clothing, but the term encompasses more. Many fashions are popular in many cultures at any given time. Important is the idea that the course of design and fashion will change more rapidly than the culture. Functional buttons work by slipping the button through a fabric or thread loop, or by sliding the button through a reinforced slit called a buttonhole Buttonholes are holes in fabric that are paired with functional buttons that serve as fasteners. Buttonholes may be either made by hand sewing or automated by a sewing machine. A buttonhole may be replaced by a loop of cloth or rope, such as in a Mandarin button.
Buttons may be manufactured from an extremely wide range of materials Material is synonymous with Substance, and is anything made of matter - hydrogen, air and water are all examples of materials. Sometimes the term Material is used more narrowly to refer to substances or components with certain physical properties which are used as inputs to production or manufacturing. In this sense, materials are the pieces, including natural materials such as antler Antlers are the usually large and complex horn-like appendages of most deer species, mostly worn by males in true horns. Each antler grows from an attachment point on the skull called a pedicle. While an antler is growing it is covered with highly vascular skin called velvet, which supplies oxygen and nutrients to the growing bone; once the antler, bone Bones are rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They function to move, support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue. Because bones come in a variety of shapes and have a complex internal and external structure, horn A horn is a pointed projection of the skin on the head of various animals, consisting of a covering of horn surrounding a core of living bone. True horns are found mainly among the ruminant artiodactyls,[citation needed] in the families Antilocapridae (pronghorn) and Bovidae (cattle, goats, antelope etc.). One pair of horns is usual, but two pairs, ivory Ivory is formed from dentine and constitutes the bulk of the teeth and tusks of animals such as the elephant, hippopotamus, walrus, mammoth and narwhal, shell A seashell, also known as a sea shell, or simply as a shell, is the common name for a hard, protective outer layer, a shell, or in some cases a "test", that was created by a sea creature, a marine organism. The shell is part of the body of a marine animal. In most cases a shell is an exoskeleton, usually that of an animal without a, vegetable ivory, and wood Wood is an organic material; in the strict sense it is produced as secondary xylem in the stems of trees . In a living tree it conducts water and nutrients to the leaves and other growing tissues, and has a support function, enabling woody plants to reach large sizes or to stand up for themselves. However, wood may also refer to other plant; or synthetics such as celluloid Celluloid is the name of a class of compounds created from nitrocellulose and camphor, plus dyes and other agents. Generally regarded to be the first thermoplastic, it was first created as Parkesine in 1856 and as Xylonite in 1869 before being registered as Celluloid in 1870. Celluloid is easily molded and shaped, and it was first widely used as, glass Glass generally refers to hard, brittle, transparent material, such as those used for windows, many bottles, or eyewear. Examples of such materials include, but are not limited to, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, acrylic glass, sugar glass, isinglass , or aluminium oxynitride. In the technical sense, glass is an inorganic product of fusion, metal In chemistry, a metal is an element, compound, or alloy characterized by high electrical conductivity. In a metal, atoms readily lose electrons to form positive ions (cations); those ions are surrounded by delocalized electrons, which are responsible for the conductivity. The thus produced solid is held by electrostatic interactions between the, bakelite Bakelite is a material based on the thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride, developed in 1907–1909 by Belgian Dr. Leo Baekeland. Formed by the reaction under heat and pressure of phenol (a toxic, colourless crystalline solid) and formaldehyde (a simple organic compound), generally with a wood flour filler, and plastic Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic amorphous solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products. Plastics are typically polymers of high molecular weight, and may contain other substances to improve performance and/or reduce costs.
Hard plastic is by far the most common material for newly manufactured buttons; the other materials tend to occur only in premium apparel.
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History
Buttons and button-like objects used as ornaments rather than fasteners have been discovered in the Indus Valley Civilization The Indus Valley Civilization , abbreviated IVC, was an ancient civilization in the Indian Subcontinent that flourished around the Indus River basin. Primarily centered along the Indus river, the civilization encompassed most of what is now Pakistan, mainly the provinces of Sindh, Punjab and Balochistan, as well as extending into modern day Indian during its Kot Diji phase (circa 2800-2600 BC) as well as Bronze Age The Bronze Age is, with respect to a given prehistoric society, the period in that society when the most advanced metalworking included smelting copper and tin from naturally-occurring outcroppings of copper and tin ores, creating a bronze alloy by melting those metals together, and casting them into bronze artifacts. The Bronze Age also included sites in China Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River valley in the Neolithic era. The written history of China begins with the Shang Dynasty (ca. 1550BCE - ca. 1046 BCE). Turtle shells with ancient Chinese writing from the Shang Dynasty have been carbon dated to as early as 1500 BCE. The origins of Chinese culture, (circa 2000-1500 BCE), and Ancient Rome Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea, it became one of the largest empires in the ancient world.
Buttons made from seashell A seashell, also known as a sea shell, or simply as a shell, is the common name for a hard, protective outer layer, a shell, or in some cases a "test", that was created by a sea creature, a marine organism. The shell is part of the body of a marine animal. In most cases a shell is an exoskeleton, usually that of an animal without a were used in the Indus Valley Civilization for ornamental purposes by 2000 BCE.[1] Some buttons were carved into geometric shapes and had holes pierced into them so that they could attached to clothing by using a thread.[1] Ian McNeil (1990) holds that: "The button, in fact, was originally used more as an ornament than as a fastening, the earliest known being found at Mohenjo-daro Mohenjo-daro was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization of south Asia situated in the province of Sind, Pakistan. Built around 2600 BCE, the city was one of the early urban settlements in the world, existing at the same time as the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Crete. The archaeological ruins of the in the Indus Valley The Indus River is the longest river in Pakistan and the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow. It is often considered the life-line of Pakistan by the people of that country. The Europeans used the name "India" for the entire Indian Subcontinent based on Indos, the Greek appellation of this river. Originating. It is made of a curved shell and about 5000 years old."[2]
Functional buttons, made from stone, have been found at the site of Gobekli Tepe, in southeastern Turkey, dated at 10,500 B.C.E. pictured in the article.[3] Functional buttons with buttonholes for fastening or closing clothing appeared first in Germany Germany (pronounced /ˈdʒɜrməni/ ), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south in the 13th century.[4] They soon became widespread with the rise of snug-fitting garments in 13th- and 14th-century Europe Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast. Europe is washed upon to the north by the Arctic Ocean and.
Types of buttons
Three sew-through buttons (left) and one shank covered button (right).- Shank buttons A shank is a device for providing a small amount of space in between a garment and a button. Shanks are necessary to provide space for fabric to sit in between the button and the garment when the garment is buttoned. Shanks also allow a garment to hang and drape more nicely have a small ring or a bar with a hole called the shank A shank is a device for providing a small amount of space in between a garment and a button. Shanks are necessary to provide space for fabric to sit in between the button and the garment when the garment is buttoned. Shanks also allow a garment to hang and drape more nicely protruding from the back of the button, through which thread is sewn to attach the button.
- Covered buttons are fabric-covered forms with a separate back piece that secures the fabric over the knob.
- Flat or sew-through buttons have two or four holes punched through the button through which the thread is sewn to attach the button. Flat buttons may be attached by sewing machine A sewing machine is a textile machine used to stitch fabric or other material together with thread. Sewing machines were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies. Since the invention of the first working sewing machine, generally considered to have been the work of rather than by hand, and may be used with heavy fabrics by working a thread shank A shank is a device for providing a small amount of space in between a garment and a button. Shanks are necessary to provide space for fabric to sit in between the button and the garment when the garment is buttoned. Shanks also allow a garment to hang and drape more nicely to extend the height of the button above the fabric.
- Worked or cloth buttons are created by embroidering Embroidery is the art or handicraft of decorating fabric or other materials with needle and thread or yarn. Embroidery may also incorporate other materials such as metal strips, pearls, beads, quills, and sequins or crocheting Crochet is a process of creating fabric from yarn or thread using a crochet hook. The word is derived from the Middle French word croc or croche, meaning hook. Crocheting, similar to knitting, consists of pulling loops of yarn through other loops. Crochet differs from knitting in that only one loop is active at one time (the sole exception being tight stitches (usually with linen Linen is a textile made from the fibers of the flax plant, Linum usitatissimum. Linen is labor-intensive to manufacture, but when it is made into garments, it is valued for its exceptional coolness and freshness in hot weather thread Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibers, suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery and ropemaking. Thread is a type of yarn intended for sewing by hand or machine. Modern manufactured sewing threads may be finished with wax or other lubricants to withstand the stresses involved) over a knob or ring called a form.
- Mandarin buttons or Frogs A frog is an ornamental braiding for fastening the front of a garment that consists of a button and a loop through which it passes are knobs made of intricately knotted strings. Mandarin buttons are a key element in Mandarin dress (Qi Pao The cheongsam is a body-hugging one-piece Chinese dress for women; the male version is the changshan. It is known in Chinese as the qípáo (旗袍), qípáor (旗袍儿), Wade-Giles ch'i-p'ao, and is also known in English as a mandarin gown. The stylish and often tight-fitting cheongsam or qipao (chipao) that is most often associated with today and cheongsam The cheongsam is a body-hugging one-piece Chinese dress for women; the male version is the changshan. It is known in Chinese as the qípáo (旗袍), qípáor (旗袍儿), Wade-Giles ch'i-p'ao, and is also known in English as a mandarin gown. The stylish and often tight-fitting cheongsam or qipao (chipao) that is most often associated with today in Chinese Chinese or the Sinitic language (汉语/漢語, pinyin: Hànyǔ; 华语/華語, Huáyǔ; or 中文, Zhōngwén) is a language family consisting of languages mutually unintelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the two branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages. About), where they are closed with loops. Pairs of mandarin buttons worn as cuff links A cufflink is a decorative fastener worn by men or women to fasten the two sides of the cuff on a dress shirt or blouse are called silk knots.
Button sizes
The size of the button depends on its use. Shirt buttons are generally small, and spaced close together, whereas coat buttons are larger and spaced further apart. Buttons are commonly measured in lignes (also called lines and abbreviated L), with 40 lignes equal to 1 inch. For example, some standard sizes of buttons are 16 lignes (10.16 mm, standard button of men's shirts A shirt is a cloth garment for the upper body. Originally an undergarment worn exclusively by men, it has become in American English a catch-all term for almost any upper-body garment other than outerwear such as sweaters or coats, or undergarments such as bras. The term "top" is sometimes used in ladieswear. In British English, a shirt) and 32 lignes (20.32 mm, typical button on suit jackets A suit is a set of garments crafted from the same cloth, consisting of at least a jacket and trousers. Lounge suits are the most common style of Western suit, originating in England as country wear. Other types of suit still worn today are firstly the dinner suit, part of black tie, which arose as a lounging alternative to dress coats in much the).
Buttonholes
Machine-stitched keyhole buttonhole with bar Main article: buttonhole Buttonholes are holes in fabric that are paired with functional buttons that serve as fasteners. Buttonholes may be either made by hand sewing or automated by a sewing machine. A buttonhole may be replaced by a loop of cloth or rope, such as in a Mandarin buttonFunctional buttons (as opposed to decorative buttons) are normally paired with a buttonhole. Alternately, a decorative loop of cloth A textile is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres often referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is produced by spinning raw wool fibres, linen, cotton, or other material on a spinning wheel to produce long strands known as yarn. Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, or pressing fibres or rope A rope is a length of fibers, twisted or braided together to improve strength for pulling and connecting. It has tensile strength but is too flexible to provide compressive strength . Rope is thicker and stronger than similarly constructed cord, line, string, or twine may replace the buttonhole. Buttonholes may be either made by hand sewing or automated by a sewing machine A sewing machine is a textile machine used to stitch fabric or other material together with thread. Sewing machines were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies. Since the invention of the first working sewing machine, generally considered to have been the work of.
Buttonholes often have a bar at either end. The bar is a perpendicular stitch that reinforces the ends of a buttonhole.
See also
- Snap fastener A snap fastener is a pair of interlocking discs commonly used in place of buttons to fasten clothing. A circular lip under one disc fits into a groove on the top of the other, holding them fast until a certain amount of force is applied. Snap fasteners are often used in children's clothing, as they are relatively easy for youngsters to use
- Zipper A zipper (British English: zip or zip fastener) is a popular device for temporarily joining two edges of fabric. It is used in clothing (e.g. jackets and jeans), luggage and other bags, sporting goods, camping gear (e.g., tents and sleeping bags), and other daily use items
- Campaign button
References
Notes
- ^ a b Hesse, Rayner W. & Hesse (Jr.), Rayner W. (2007). Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. 35. ISBN 0313335079.
- ^ McNeil, Ian (1990). An encyclopaedia of the history of technology. Taylor & Francis. 852. ISBN 0415013062.
- ^ "The World's First Temple", by Sandra Scham:in "Archaeology", November-December 2008, pp. 23-27
- ^ Lynn White: "The Act of Invention: Causes, Contexts, Continuities and Consequences", Technology and Culture, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Autumn, 1962), pp. 486-500 (497f. & 500)
Cited works
- Carl Kohler, A History of Costume, Dover 1963 reprint, ISBN 0-486-21030-8
- Bryan Bunch, The History of Science and Technology, Houghton Mifflin Books, 2004 ISBN 0-618-22123-9
External links
- Worked button making in Dorset
- Types of Buttons
- Button seal
- Button-making in Birmingham, England in the 1800s
- Online button museum
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Categories: Textile closures | Indian inventions
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Ortho SuperSite
We present a previously unreported new complication of patellar button dissociation in a mobile-bearing LCS Patellofemoral Joint Replacement Prosthesis. ...
OntoreBangladesh
ue, 07 Jul 2009 17:07:30 GM
As you spend time visiting other blogs, you'll probably notice dontation . buttons. on many blogs. Some may be obvious & say Donate while others could be a.
Q. I already have my suit (dark black) picked out, but I don't know what color button up shirt would go better with a green shiny tie. We are having a huge holiday party at our Pain Management Clinic. Hundreds of people will be there.
Asked by wsibo123 - Fri Nov 16 19:44:56 2007 - - 11 Answers - 0 Comments
A. well, it depends on whether you want to dress more youthfully or conservatively (well, as conservative as you can make it with a shiny green tie). if you want to go conservative, i say a shirt in light neutral colors/white, such as a very pale tan, cream, etc. the fabric should be either sateen-ish (sorry, couldn't find a better word xD) striped is good, also. if you want to dress a little more younger, you can wear a salmon color, or maybe even pink, depending on how "young" you want to look. also, go with matte-looking silk.
Answered by Ashley S - Fri Nov 16 20:13:58 2007
